Technically, KVM-based VM is a special type of virtual machine which relies on physical machine features. Following lists some popular VM types that do not use KVM. Hope you also find it interesting.

VM Name	Translation Technologies	Executable Format	Runtime
Dalvik VM (Register based VM)	Interpretation		Android (<2.2, 2008)
Dalvik VM	JIT + Interpretation (Just in time)	.dex / .odex (Dalvik Executable)	Android (>=2.2 <5.0, 2014)libdvm.so
ART (Android Runtime)	AOT (Ahead of time)	.dex	Android (>=4.4, 2017) ART libart.so
ART	JIT + AOT + Interpretation (All-Of-the-Time)	.dex	Android (>=7.0, 2019) ART libart.so
JVM (Stack based VM)	JIT	.class	libjvm.so
QEMU-tcg	Binary Translation + JIT	machine code	QEMU
eBPF	JIT	BPF bytecode	Linux Kernel
WASM	JIT	WASM bytecode	v8

---

References

Jvm，Dalvik和Art区别 – 简书 (jianshu.com)
Android中编译工具链的改动—-LLVM份量的增加-阿里云开发者社区 (aliyun.com)
JIT、AOT、Dalvik、ART概念整理 | superxlcr’s notebook
ArkCompiler-HarmonyOS Next编程平台-华为开发者联盟 (huawei.com)
Android version history – Wikipedia
Platform architecture  |  Android Developers
Garbage collection (computer science) – Wikipedia
Android runtime and Dalvik  |  Android Open Source Project